{"id":11735,"date":"2022-03-11T19:58:58","date_gmt":"2022-03-11T18:58:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/?page_id=11735"},"modified":"2022-10-22T11:06:22","modified_gmt":"2022-10-22T09:06:22","slug":"cose-un-ecosistema-per-linnovazione-e-limprenditorialita","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/things-an-ecosystem-for-innovation-and-entrepreneurship\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu'est-ce qu'un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me pour l'innovation et l'esprit d'entreprise ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduzione\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les start-ups sont des g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs essentiels d'innovation et de progr\u00e8s \u00e9conomique. Mais qu'est-ce que&nbsp;<strong>faveurs<\/strong>&nbsp;l'\u00e9mergence et la croissance de ces entreprises ? Il est certainement vrai que l'esprit d'entreprise ax\u00e9 sur la croissance et l'innovation est influenc\u00e9 par les conditions nationales, mais les moteurs vont bien au-del\u00e0.&nbsp;<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Index<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table des mati\u00e8res\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #1e73be;color:#1e73be\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #1e73be;color:#1e73be\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/things-an-ecosystem-for-innovation-and-entrepreneurship\/#Introduzione\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/things-an-ecosystem-for-innovation-and-entrepreneurship\/#Definizione_di_ecosistema\" >D\u00e9finition de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/things-an-ecosystem-for-innovation-and-entrepreneurship\/#Principi_base\" >Principes de base<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/things-an-ecosystem-for-innovation-and-entrepreneurship\/#Gli_stadi_evolutivi_dellecosistema_dellinnovazione\" >Les \u00e9tapes de l'\u00e9volution de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d'innovation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/things-an-ecosystem-for-innovation-and-entrepreneurship\/#La_valutazione_degli_ecosistemi_dellinnovazione\" >L'\u00e9valuation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes d'innovation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definizione_di_ecosistema\"><\/span>D\u00e9finition de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour d\u00e9finir l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d'innovation, il est n\u00e9cessaire de partir de trois composantes et de les combiner pour bien comprendre sa signification : l'innovation, le syst\u00e8me et l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le concept de&nbsp;<strong>innovation<\/strong>&nbsp;a une longue histoire conceptuelle avec de nombreuses connotations et des d\u00e9notations fluides, mais peut \u00eatre r\u00e9sum\u00e9 comme le r\u00e9sultat d'un processus conduisant \u00e0 un degr\u00e9 de nouveaut\u00e9 d\u00fb \u00e0 un changement et \u00e0 un degr\u00e9 d'utilit\u00e9 ou de succ\u00e8s dans l'application de quelque chose de nouveau.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le concept de&nbsp;<strong>\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me<\/strong>&nbsp;trouve son origine dans le domaine de l'\u00e9cologie et se d\u00e9finit comme suit <a href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/business-in-africa\/joint-venture-jv-business-africa\/\">une communaut\u00e9 dynamique qui<\/a> co\u00e9volue, compos\u00e9e de diff\u00e9rents acteurs qui cr\u00e9ent et capturent une nouvelle valeur gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des m\u00e9canismes d'interaction concurrentiels et collaboratifs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D'o\u00f9 la<strong>\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de l'innovation<\/strong>&nbsp;est l'ensemble \u00e9volutif d'acteurs (entreprises, organisations priv\u00e9es, entit\u00e9s gouvernementales), d'activit\u00e9s et d'artefacts (produits\/services\/technologies), d'institutions (politiques, r\u00e9glementations) et de leurs relations, qui se combinent pour aboutir \u00e0 une proposition de valeur globale pour l'ensemble de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me (Adner, 2017). Selon cette logique, les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes permettent de cr\u00e9er une valeur qu'aucune entreprise ne pourrait cr\u00e9er seule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principi_base\"><\/span>Principes de base<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L'adoption d'une approche \u00e9cosyst\u00e9mique de l'innovation reconna\u00eet donc que :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d'innovation se compose de&nbsp;<strong>diff\u00e9rents acteurs<\/strong>,<strong>&nbsp;rapports<\/strong>&nbsp;(non causal) et<strong>&nbsp;ressources&nbsp;<\/strong>capable de transformer une id\u00e9e innovante en un impact transformateur \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle.<\/li><li>L'<strong>efficacit\u00e9<\/strong>&nbsp;de chaque partie de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me est influenc\u00e9e par les autres parties (par exemple, les entrepreneurs d\u00e9pendent de leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des financements).<\/li><li>Le site&nbsp;<strong>changement<\/strong>&nbsp;dans une partie de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me entra\u00eene des changements dans d'autres parties de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, cr\u00e9ant ainsi une forte interd\u00e9pendance entre les parties (par exemple, une connectivit\u00e9 Internet accrue acc\u00e9l\u00e9rera la conception et l'essai de nouvelles technologies).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ecosistema-innovazione.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11739\" width=\"1031\" height=\"820\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ecosistema-innovazione.jpeg 688w, https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ecosistema-innovazione-300x239.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1031px) 100vw, 1031px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gli_stadi_evolutivi_dellecosistema_dellinnovazione\"><\/span>Les \u00e9tapes de l'\u00e9volution de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d'innovation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/invest-in-africa\/les-acteurs-soutenant-linnovation-au-cycle-de-vie-des-entreprises\/\">\u00c9cosyst\u00e8mes d'innovation<\/a> et l'esprit d'entreprise peuvent \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par un&nbsp;<strong>cycle de vie<\/strong>&nbsp;qui se compose de quatre phases, chacune identifiable par un ensemble diff\u00e9rent de caract\u00e9ristiques, de d\u00e9fis et d'objectifs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La premi\u00e8re phase de&nbsp;<strong>activation<\/strong>&nbsp;se caract\u00e9rise par une exp\u00e9rience limit\u00e9e de la cr\u00e9ation d'entreprise en termes de connaissances des entrepreneurs, d'investisseurs exp\u00e9riment\u00e9s, de conseillers et de mentors, et de comportements communautaires susceptibles de favoriser la r\u00e9ussite des jeunes entreprises. L'objectif de cette phase doit donc \u00eatre de d\u00e9finir des programmes cibl\u00e9s visant \u00e0 renforcer l'esprit d'entreprise, \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un sentiment de communaut\u00e9 locale pour cr\u00e9er des liens entre les acteurs, et \u00e0 \u00e9tendre la contribution des formes de financement d\u00e9di\u00e9es pour fournir des capitaux aux entreprises embryonnaires.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans la phase de&nbsp;<strong>mondialisation<\/strong>&nbsp;il y a plus d'exp\u00e9rience dans le lancement de projets entrepreneuriaux et une s\u00e9rie de&nbsp;<em>D\u00e9clencheur&nbsp;<\/em>(les exp\u00e9riences entrepreneuriales servant de d\u00e9clencheurs) avec une large r\u00e9sonance qui conduit \u00e0 l'attraction des ressources nationales (entrepreneurs, talents, investisseurs) d'autres \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes qui passent par la phase pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, mais qui se tournent vers les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes mondiaux. Il est donc n\u00e9cessaire de se concentrer sur l'augmentation de la&nbsp;<strong>connexion,<\/strong>&nbsp;avec les fondateurs des meilleurs \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, ce qui est le facteur de r\u00e9ussite d\u00e9finissant le potentiel d'extensibilit\u00e9 d'un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, et sur le soutien (financier) aux jeunes entreprises qui peuvent accro\u00eetre leur pr\u00e9sence initiale sur le march\u00e9 mondial.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans la phase de&nbsp;<strong>attraction<\/strong>&nbsp;augmente le nombre d'exemples de r\u00e9ussite \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle mondiale, formant dans certains cas des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s \"licornes\" dont les rendements d\u00e9passent $1 milliard, produisant une<strong>attrait global<\/strong>&nbsp;pour des ressources suppl\u00e9mentaires. \u00c0 ce stade, il est n\u00e9cessaire de tirer parti de ces ressources pour \u00e9largir consid\u00e9rablement la taille de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, combler les lacunes restantes et orienter l'attraction par des programmes politiques bien con\u00e7us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans la phase finale de&nbsp;<strong>int\u00e9gration<\/strong>&nbsp;l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me devient&nbsp;<strong>autosuffisante<\/strong>&nbsp;avec une forte connexion mondiale et un flux de connaissances au sein de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me qui maintient ses entreprises int\u00e9gr\u00e9es dans le tissu mondial et est capable de produire&nbsp;<strong>des mod\u00e8les commerciaux d'avant-garde&nbsp;<\/strong>et les comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour atteindre un niveau mondial \u00e9lev\u00e9. Afin d'int\u00e9grer de mani\u00e8re stable et durable l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me dans les flux mondiaux, nationaux et locaux de ressources et de connaissances, il est n\u00e9cessaire d'optimiser la<strong>&nbsp;lois politiques<\/strong>&nbsp;soutenir la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 et la croissance de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me et en diffuser les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices (culture, source de comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9, capital, innovation) \u00e0 d'autres secteurs de l'\u00e9conomie et \u00e0 d'autres parties de la nation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"La_valutazione_degli_ecosistemi_dellinnovazione\"><\/span>L'\u00e9valuation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes d'innovation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Comme l'indique Michael Porte<\/strong>r en ce qui concerne les secteurs traditionnels, les\u00a0<strong>taille<\/strong>\u00a0d'un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me a une influence majeure sur ses performances. Cela se produit gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de\u00a0<strong>effets de r\u00e9seau<\/strong>\u00a0de telle sorte que l'impact \u00e9conomique de chaque entreprise innovante suppl\u00e9mentaire au sein de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me cro\u00eet avec la taille de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il en va de m\u00eame pour l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de l'innovation, comme le montrent les recherches men\u00e9es par la Commission europ\u00e9enne.\u00a0<strong>G\u00e9nome de la startup<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong>. Selon cette \u00e9tude, dans un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de 1 000 start-ups, chaque start-up ajoute en moyenne une <a href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/business-in-africa\/afrique-centrale-raubex-renovation-construit-un-centre-commercial-dune-valeur-de-53-millions-de-dollars-a-douala\/\">valeur de $5,1 millions d'euros<\/a> en valeur \u00e9conomique, dans un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de 2 000 start-ups, chaque start-up ajoute $6,9 millions, dans un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de 3 000 start-ups, la valeur de chacune passe \u00e0 $10,6 millions, et ainsi de suite. En utilisant une r\u00e8gle empirique sommaire, nous pouvons dire que\u00a0<strong>des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes 3 fois plus grands produisent une valeur \u00e9conomique 5 fois plus importante<\/strong>la croissance exponentielle d'un<strong>\u00a0facteur de 1,7<\/strong>. De m\u00eame,<strong> un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me qui perd la moiti\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/business-in-africa\/le-ministre-camerounais-des-telecommunications-invite-les-entreprises-africaines-a-posseder-les-grandes-donnees\/\">de leurs entreprises pourraient perdre plus de la moiti\u00e9 de leur chiffre d'affaires.<\/a> valeur \u00e9conomique <\/strong>cr\u00e9\u00e9s pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment. Cette simple analyse permet de comprendre l'importance de la cr\u00e9ation et du maintien d'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes d'innovation viables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>&nbsp;Startup Genome est l'organisation de recherche et<em>&nbsp;conseiller en politique<\/em>&nbsp;des agences publiques et priv\u00e9es de premier plan au niveau mondial, qui s'engagent \u00e0 acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le succ\u00e8s de leur \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de start-up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/valutazione-del-escosistema.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11738\" width=\"1170\" height=\"888\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/valutazione-del-escosistema.jpeg 700w, https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/valutazione-del-escosistema-300x228.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1170px) 100vw, 1170px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Les start-ups sont des g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs cl\u00e9s d'innovation et de progr\u00e8s \u00e9conomique. Mais qu'est-ce qui favorise l'\u00e9mergence et la croissance de ces entreprises ? Il est vrai que l'entrepreneuriat ax\u00e9 sur la croissance et l'innovation est influenc\u00e9 par les conditions nationales, mais les moteurs vont bien au-del\u00e0.  D\u00e9finition de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me Pour d\u00e9finir ... <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Qu&#039;est-ce qu&#039;un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me pour l&#039;innovation et l&#039;esprit d&#039;entreprise ?\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/things-an-ecosystem-for-innovation-and-entrepreneurship\/#more-11735\" aria-label=\"Plus sur Qu&#039;est-ce qu&#039;un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me pour l&#039;innovation et l&#039;esprit d&#039;entreprise ?\">Lire plus<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":215,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"rankMath":{"parentDomain":"aedic.eu","noFollowDomains":[],"noFollowExcludeDomains":[],"noFollowExternalLinks":true,"featuredImageNotice":"L\u2019image en vedette devrait \u00eatre au moins 200 par 200 pixels pour \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 par Facebook et d\u2019autres sites de 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