{"id":11473,"date":"2022-02-24T21:08:07","date_gmt":"2022-02-24T20:08:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/?page_id=11473"},"modified":"2022-11-27T00:10:43","modified_gmt":"2022-11-26T23:10:43","slug":"comprendere-linnovazione","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/","title":{"rendered":"Comprendre l'innovation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>L'<strong>action innovante<\/strong>&nbsp;par une entreprise n\u00e9cessite de pr\u00eater attention \u00e0&nbsp;<strong>les facteurs externes<\/strong>comme le contexte environnemental dans lequel l'entreprise op\u00e8re (le secteur industriel, la dynamique environnementale, le contexte local) et \u00e0&nbsp;<strong>facteurs internes<\/strong>comme le contexte organisationnel dans lequel on op\u00e8re (ressources, incitations, strat\u00e9gies, organisation, etc.)&nbsp;<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-white ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Index<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table des mati\u00e8res\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #1e73be;color:#1e73be\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #1e73be;color:#1e73be\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/#Cosa_e_linnovazione\" >Qu'est-ce que l'innovation ?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/#Diverse_tipologie_di_innovazione\" >Les diff\u00e9rents types d'innovation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/#Unaltra_classificazione_di_innovazioni\" >Une autre classification des innovations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/#Innovazioni_incrementali_e_radicali\" >Innovations progressives et radicales<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/#Il_processo_di_innovazione\" >Le processus d'innovation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/#A_cosa_serve_linnovazione_Perche_innovare\" >\u00c0 quoi sert l'innovation ? Pourquoi innover ?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>Ces facteurs, comme nous le verrons plus loin, sont interconnect\u00e9s et, par cons\u00e9quent, pour innover avec succ\u00e8s, il est important de conna\u00eetre les \u00e9l\u00e9ments\/facteurs individuels ainsi que les relations entre eux.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La compr\u00e9hension (du latin<em>\u00a0cum prehendere<\/em>), c'est rassembler, embrasser les nombreuses facettes de l'innovation, les nombreux \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui les maintiennent ensemble, les mettre dans un syst\u00e8me, les avoir d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s.\u00a0<strong>sensibilisation<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cosa_e_linnovazione\"><\/span>Qu'est-ce que l'innovation ?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L'innovation est, en un mot, la<strong>unicit\u00e9<\/strong>&nbsp;qui caract\u00e9rise une entreprise. L'unicit\u00e9 signifie \u00eatre diff\u00e9rent des autres et cette diversit\u00e9 peut se traduire par.. :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>l'<\/strong><strong>offrir<\/strong>&nbsp;(produits et services) ;<\/li><li><strong>i<\/strong><strong>le processus de transformation\/production<\/strong>&nbsp;(la mani\u00e8re dont les ressources et les activit\u00e9s sont configur\u00e9es en interne) ;<\/li><li><strong>le mod\u00e8le d'entreprise<\/strong>&nbsp;ou des changements organisationnels.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditionnellement, on pense que l'innovation est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9. C'est en partie vrai. Cependant, il ne faut pas oublier que les processus d'innovation peuvent \u00eatre \"disciplin\u00e9s\" et que l'attitude innovante d'une entreprise peut se construire au fil du temps avec rigueur et m\u00e9thode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L'innovation est un<strong>&nbsp;ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne social<\/strong>. Une entreprise innove lorsque son id\u00e9e nouvelle a un impact sur l'environnement externe parce qu'elle est partag\u00e9e, accept\u00e9e et diffus\u00e9e parce que&nbsp;<strong>g\u00e9n\u00e8re de la valeur<\/strong>&nbsp;pour l'utilisateur final (entreprise ou particulier).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diverse_tipologie_di_innovazione\"><\/span>Les diff\u00e9rents types d'innovation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe diff\u00e9rentes taxonomies de l'innovation. La plupart font une distinction entre les innovations de produit, de processus et d'organisation :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Innovations en mati\u00e8re de produits&nbsp;<ul><li>la conception de nouveaux produits ou services ;&nbsp;<\/li><li>modification substantielle de <a href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/caracteristiques-des-services-et-implications-manageriales\/\" >les caract\u00e9ristiques techniques fonctionnelles des produits ou services<\/a> existants ;<\/li><li>les modifications apport\u00e9es aux mat\u00e9riaux, aux composants, \u00e0 la conception et \u00e0 la forme d'un produit.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Innovations en mati\u00e8re de processus<ul><li>Nouvelles m\u00e9thodes de production ou de transformation.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Innovations organisationnelles<ul><li>Nouvelles m\u00e9thodes d'organisation et de gestion d'une entreprise ;<\/li><li>l'application de nouveaux mod\u00e8les de gestion pour les syst\u00e8mes d'information ;<\/li><li>les accords entre entreprises pour les r\u00e9organisations.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unaltra_classificazione_di_innovazioni\"><\/span>Une autre classification des innovations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Une autre classification des innovations largement utilis\u00e9e est celle qui distingue jusqu'\u00e0 10 types d'innovations regroup\u00e9s en 3 cat\u00e9gories :&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Innovations relatives \u00e0 la configuration interne d'une entreprise (4 types) :&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Mod\u00e8le d'entreprise<\/strong>est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e lorsqu'une entreprise trouve de nouvelles fa\u00e7ons de cr\u00e9er de la valeur avec son produit\/service. Prenons l'exemple de Gillette qui a modifi\u00e9 la structure de ses revenus en vendant des lames au lieu de rasoirs.<\/li><li><strong>R\u00e9seau<\/strong>signifie trouver de nouvelles fa\u00e7ons de traiter avec les fournisseurs et les partenaires. Les formes de <a href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/open-innovation-et-collaborations-avec-les-universites\/\" >collaboration en mati\u00e8re d'innovation ouverte<\/a> en sont un exemple.<\/li><li><strong>Structure<\/strong>Elle se produit lorsqu'une entreprise innove dans la configuration de ses ressources. Les ressources d\u00e9j\u00e0 poss\u00e9d\u00e9es (physiques, humaines, technologiques) sont combin\u00e9es selon des modalit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes qui g\u00e9n\u00e8rent des rationalisations et des baisses de co\u00fbts dans certaines activit\u00e9s.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Processus<\/strong>est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en trouvant des moyens originaux et plus efficaces de mener \u00e0 bien les activit\u00e9s en interne.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1645733062725_25\"><li>Innovations dans l'offre (2 types) :&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Performance du produit<\/strong>est obtenue en identifiant les caract\u00e9ristiques qui rendent le produit diff\u00e9rent de la concurrence. Il s'agit de l'innovation de produit la plus traditionnelle.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Syst\u00e8me de produits<\/strong>consiste \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un syst\u00e8me de produits et de services qui cr\u00e9ent entre eux des synergies qui augmentent la valeur pour le client. Pensez par exemple aux produits vendus avec des applications ou d'autres produits compl\u00e9mentaires qui enrichissent l'exp\u00e9rience du client.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Innovations qui cr\u00e9ent de nouvelles exp\u00e9riences pour l'utilisateur final (4 types) :&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Service<\/strong>est d'\u00e9largir l'offre gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des services innovants.<\/li><li><strong>Cha\u00eene<\/strong>Elle consiste \u00e0 modifier la mani\u00e8re dont le produit est transf\u00e9r\u00e9 de l'entreprise aux clients ; Nespresso a ouvert la voie en concevant des boutiques exclusives o\u00f9 elle vend ses dosettes.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Marque<\/strong>Il s'agit d'innover dans la mani\u00e8re de communiquer l'offre.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Participation des clients<\/strong>Il s'agit d'innover en mati\u00e8re d'achat et d'exp\u00e9rience utilisateur.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Innovazioni_incrementali_e_radicali\"><\/span>Innovations progressives et radicales<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les innovations se distinguent par&nbsp;<strong>degr\u00e9 de nouveaut\u00e9&nbsp;<\/strong>qu'ils introduisent par rapport \u00e0 ce qui existe d\u00e9j\u00e0, sous forme d'innovations incr\u00e9mentales et radicales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Innovations progressives<em>&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Elles impliquent une am\u00e9lioration d'un processus, d'un produit ou d'un service par rapport \u00e0 ce qui existe d\u00e9j\u00e0 (meilleures performances, performances, modifications de la conception, am\u00e9liorations marginales).&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Innovations radicales&nbsp;<em>&#8211;&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Elles repr\u00e9sentent une rupture majeure avec les produits ou les processus existants. Dans certains cas, ces innovations donnent naissance \u00e0 de nouvelles industries ou \u00e0 de nouveaux segments de march\u00e9.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"409\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Innovazioni-incrementali-e-radicali-409x1024.png\" alt=\"Innovations progressives et radicales\" class=\"wp-image-11476\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Innovazioni-incrementali-e-radicali-409x1024.png 409w, https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Innovazioni-incrementali-e-radicali-120x300.png 120w, https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Innovazioni-incrementali-e-radicali.png 417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Nous pensons souvent aux termes&nbsp;<strong>radical&nbsp;<\/strong>o<strong>&nbsp;incr\u00e9mentale<\/strong>&nbsp;du point de vue des utilisateurs finaux et de l'impact que l'achat d'un nouveau produit ou service ou la mise en \u0153uvre d'un nouveau processus a sur nous ou sur notre entreprise. La distinction que nous proposons ici adopte le point de vue de l'entreprise et distingue les changements en :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>incr\u00e9mentale<\/strong>lorsque les ressources et les comp\u00e9tences qu'une entreprise poss\u00e8de d\u00e9j\u00e0 ne sont pas modifi\u00e9es. Les comp\u00e9tences que l'on poss\u00e8de d\u00e9j\u00e0 sont tr\u00e8s bien et on les d\u00e9veloppe !<\/li><li><strong>radicaux<\/strong>lorsque l'on demande aux entreprises d'investir dans l'acquisition de nouvelles ressources et comp\u00e9tences. Les comp\u00e9tences existantes ne sont pas bonnes, elles sont obsol\u00e8tes et il faut en construire de nouvelles !&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ensuite, il y a\u00a0<strong>innovations architecturales<\/strong>concernant des produits syst\u00e9miques, constitu\u00e9s de diff\u00e9rents \u00e9l\u00e9ments. L'innovation en architecture est une innovation au niveau d'un ou plusieurs composants du syst\u00e8me, mais aussi une innovation dans les relations entre ces composants. Une console de jeux vid\u00e9o est un produit syst\u00e9mique : chaque nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de consoles est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement marqu\u00e9e par l'introduction d'un microprocesseur plus puissant. L'innovation au niveau du microprocesseur individuel induit l'innovation dans d'autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments du syst\u00e8me (carte graphique plus puissante, jeux\/logiciels plus sophistiqu\u00e9s, m\u00e9moire plus importante) et dans les relations entre eux.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Il_processo_di_innovazione\"><\/span>Le processus d'innovation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le dernier th\u00e8me de cette unit\u00e9 est la d\u00e9finition du processus d'innovation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le processus d'innovation comporte deux \u00e9tapes importantes :&nbsp;<strong>conception et mise en \u0153uvre<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L'innovation est la somme des deux et diff\u00e8re de l'invention. L'innovation est donc une nouvelle id\u00e9e\/solution\/invention qui est mise en \u0153uvre et exploit\u00e9e commercialement. L'innovation est donc un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne dont le succ\u00e8s d\u00e9pend de sa diffusion, de son utilisation, de son absorption par le march\u00e9, donc un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne social.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Est-il possible que l'une des deux phases soit plus importante ? S'il n'y a pas de phase de conception, il ne peut y avoir de mise en \u0153uvre. Si la mise en \u0153uvre est mal faite, m\u00eame une belle id\u00e9e avec un grand potentiel peut \u00e9chouer.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_cosa_serve_linnovazione_Perche_innovare\"><\/span>\u00c0 quoi sert l'innovation ? Pourquoi innover ?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Sc\u00e9narios changeants - l'environnement externe \u00e9volue, les r\u00e8gles du jeu changent et les entreprises qui veulent continuer \u00e0 jouer sont invit\u00e9es \u00e0 changer (innover).&nbsp;<\/li><li>L'innovation est importante pour avoir un avantage sur la concurrence en termes de : r\u00e9duction des co\u00fbts de transformation\/production (innovation de processus) ; augmentation des revenus gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'unicit\u00e9\/la diff\u00e9renciation de l'offre.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Le site<strong>&nbsp;avantage concurrentiel<\/strong>&nbsp;se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 une situation dans laquelle une entreprise est plus performante que ses concurrents.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans la mesure o\u00f9 les deux situations cr\u00e9ent de la valeur pour le client\/l'utilisateur final (ma\u00eetrise des co\u00fbts d'achat\/distinction du produit ou du service achet\u00e9), elles peuvent toutes deux conduire \u00e0 un avantage concurrentiel.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thomas Edison, c\u00e9l\u00e8bre inventeur et scientifique am\u00e9ricain (inventeur de l'ampoule \u00e9lectrique) a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \"....<em>Le succ\u00e8s d'une innovation, c'est 1% d'inspiration et 99% de transpiration.<\/em>qui souligne l'importance de la phase d'inspiration\/id\u00e9e, mais surtout le fait que le grand d\u00e9fi de l'innovateur r\u00e9side dans la mise en \u0153uvre (le terme '<em>transpiration<\/em>(la sueur), en concr\u00e9tisant une id\u00e9e et en favorisant son adoption et sa diffusion sur le march\u00e9. L'histoire est pleine de grandes id\u00e9es qui restent dans les tiroirs de leurs auteurs et n'ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 concr\u00e9tis\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cela attire l'attention sur la question de la \"faisabilit\u00e9\" d'une id\u00e9e et sur une analyse appropri\u00e9e de la mesure dans laquelle une id\u00e9e, une vision, un projet peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9s du point de vue de la disponibilit\u00e9 des ressources techniques et \u00e9conomiques et, surtout, de leur int\u00e9r\u00eat pour le march\u00e9.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe trois cat\u00e9gories de facteurs qui influencent le processus d'innovation :&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><strong>l'environnement externe ;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>les caract\u00e9ristiques des individus ;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>les caract\u00e9ristiques de l'entreprise.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Ils seront d\u00e9taill\u00e9s dans les trois unit\u00e9s suivantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L'action innovante d'une entreprise n\u00e9cessite de tenir compte de facteurs externes, tels que le contexte environnemental dans lequel l'entreprise op\u00e8re (le secteur industriel, la dynamique environnementale, le contexte local) et de facteurs internes, tels que le contexte organisationnel dans lequel elle op\u00e8re (les ressources, les incitations, les strat\u00e9gies, l'organisation, etc.)  Ces facteurs, tels que ... <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Comprendre l&#039;innovation\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/comprendre-linnovation\/#more-11473\" aria-label=\"Plus sur Comprendre l&#039;innovation\">Lire plus<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":6,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"rankMath":{"parentDomain":"aedic.eu","noFollowDomains":[],"noFollowExcludeDomains":[],"noFollowExternalLinks":true,"featuredImageNotice":"L\u2019image en vedette devrait \u00eatre au moins 200 par 200 pixels pour \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 par Facebook et d\u2019autres sites de m\u00e9dias sociaux.","pluginReviewed":false,"postSettings":{"linkSuggestions":true,"useFocusKeyword":false},"frontEndScore":false,"postName":"comprendere-linnovazione","permalinkFormat":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/%pagename%\/","showLockModifiedDate":true,"assessor":{"focusKeywordLink":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-admin\/edit.php?focus_keyword=%focus_keyword%&post_type=%post_type%","hasTOCPlugin":{"easy-table-of-contents\/easy-table-of-contents.php":"Easy Table of Contents"},"primaryTaxonomy":false,"serpData":{"title":"","description":"","focusKeywords":"","pillarContent":false,"canonicalUrl":"","breadcrumbTitle":"","advancedRobots":[],"facebookTitle":"","facebookDescription":"","facebookImage":"","facebookImageID":"","facebookHasOverlay":false,"facebookImageOverlay":"","facebookAuthor":"","twitterCardType":"","twitterUseFacebook":true,"twitterTitle":"","twitterDescription":"","twitterImage":"","twitterImageID":"","twitterHasOverlay":false,"twitterImageOverlay":"","twitterPlayerUrl":"","twitterPlayerSize":"","twitterPlayerStream":"","twitterPlayerStreamCtype":"","twitterAppDescription":"","twitterAppIphoneName":"","twitterAppIphoneID":"","twitterAppIphoneUrl":"","twitterAppIpadName":"","twitterAppIpadID":"","twitterAppIpadUrl":"","twitterAppGoogleplayName":"","twitterAppGoogleplayID":"","twitterAppGoogleplayUrl":"","twitterAppCountry":"","robots":{"index":true},"twitterAuthor":"identifiant","primaryTerm":0,"authorName":"africa","titleTemplate":"%title% %sep% %sitename%","descriptionTemplate":"%excerpt%","showScoreFrontend":true,"lockModifiedDate":false},"powerWords":["absolument","amazement","astonishing","authentique","beau","bien-\u00eatre","brillant","captivant","charismatique","choc","clair","compl\u00e8tement","confidentiel","confiance","cons\u00e9quent","cr\u00e9atif","d\u00e9finitivement","d\u00e9licieux","d\u00e9montrer","d\u00e9p\u00eachez-vous","d\u00e9termin\u00e9","digne","dynamique","\u00e9blouissant","\u00e9clatant","\u00e9conomique","\u00e9fficace","\u00e9l\u00e9gant","\u00e9motionnel","\u00e9nergique","\u00e9norme","\u00e9poustouflant","essentiel","\u00e9tonnant","exclusif","exp\u00e9rience","fabuleux","fantastique","formidable","fort","garanti","g\u00e9ant","g\u00e9n\u00e9reux","grandiose","gratuit","habile","harmonieux","historique","hors pair","important","incroyable","indispensable","inoubliable","inspirant","innovant","intense","invention","irr\u00e9sistible","l\u00e9gendaire","lumineux","luxe","magique","magnifique","majestueux","marquant","merveilleux","miraculeux","motivant","n\u00e9cessaire","nouvelle","officiel","parfait","passionn\u00e9","persuasif","ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nal","plaisir","populaire","pouvoir","prestigieux","prodigieux","profond","prosp\u00e8re","puissant","qualit\u00e9","radieux","rapide","r\u00e9ussi","r\u00e9volutionnaire","satisfait","s\u00e9curit\u00e9","sensationnel","serein","somptueux","splendide","sublime","surprenant","talentueux","terrifiant","unique","valeur","vibrant","victorieux","vif","vraiment","z\u00e9l\u00e9"],"diacritics":{"A":"[\\u0041\\u24B6\\uFF21\\u00C0\\u00C1\\u00C2\\u1EA6\\u1EA4\\u1EAA\\u1EA8\\u00C3\\u0100\\u0102\\u1EB0\\u1EAE\\u1EB4\\u1EB2\\u0226\\u01E0\\u00C4\\u01DE\\u1EA2\\u00C5\\u01FA\\u01CD\\u0200\\u0202\\u1EA0\\u1EAC\\u1EB6\\u1E00\\u0104\\u023A\\u2C6F]","AA":"[\\uA732]","AE":"[\\u00C6\\u01FC\\u01E2]","AO":"[\\uA734]","AU":"[\\uA736]","AV":"[\\uA738\\uA73A]","AY":"[\\uA73C]","B":"[\\u0042\\u24B7\\uFF22\\u1E02\\u1E04\\u1E06\\u0243\\u0182\\u0181]","C":"[\\u0043\\u24B8\\uFF23\\u0106\\u0108\\u010A\\u010C\\u00C7\\u1E08\\u0187\\u023B\\uA73E]","D":"[\\u0044\\u24B9\\uFF24\\u1E0A\\u010E\\u1E0C\\u1E10\\u1E12\\u1E0E\\u0110\\u018B\\u018A\\u0189\\uA779]","DZ":"[\\u01F1\\u01C4]","Dz":"[\\u01F2\\u01C5]","E":"[\\u0045\\u24BA\\uFF25\\u00C8\\u00C9\\u00CA\\u1EC0\\u1EBE\\u1EC4\\u1EC2\\u1EBC\\u0112\\u1E14\\u1E16\\u0114\\u0116\\u00CB\\u1EBA\\u011A\\u0204\\u0206\\u1EB8\\u1EC6\\u0228\\u1E1C\\u0118\\u1E18\\u1E1A\\u0190\\u018E]","F":"[\\u0046\\u24BB\\uFF26\\u1E1E\\u0191\\uA77B]","G":"[\\u0047\\u24BC\\uFF27\\u01F4\\u011C\\u1E20\\u011E\\u0120\\u01E6\\u0122\\u01E4\\u0193\\uA7A0\\uA77D\\uA77E]","H":"[\\u0048\\u24BD\\uFF28\\u0124\\u1E22\\u1E26\\u021E\\u1E24\\u1E28\\u1E2A\\u0126\\u2C67\\u2C75\\uA78D]","I":"[\\u0049\\u24BE\\uFF29\\u00CC\\u00CD\\u00CE\\u0128\\u012A\\u012C\\u0130\\u00CF\\u1E2E\\u1EC8\\u01CF\\u0208\\u020A\\u1ECA\\u012E\\u1E2C\\u0197]","J":"[\\u004A\\u24BF\\uFF2A\\u0134\\u0248]","K":"[\\u004B\\u24C0\\uFF2B\\u1E30\\u01E8\\u1E32\\u0136\\u1E34\\u0198\\u2C69\\uA740\\uA742\\uA744\\uA7A2]","L":"[\\u004C\\u24C1\\uFF2C\\u013F\\u0139\\u013D\\u1E36\\u1E38\\u013B\\u1E3C\\u1E3A\\u0141\\u023D\\u2C62\\u2C60\\uA748\\uA746\\uA780]","LJ":"[\\u01C7]","Lj":"[\\u01C8]","M":"[\\u004D\\u24C2\\uFF2D\\u1E3E\\u1E40\\u1E42\\u2C6E\\u019C]","N":"[\\u004E\\u24C3\\uFF2E\\u01F8\\u0143\\u00D1\\u1E44\\u0147\\u1E46\\u0145\\u1E4A\\u1E48\\u0220\\u019D\\uA790\\uA7A4]","NJ":"[\\u01CA]","Nj":"[\\u01CB]","O":"[\\u004F\\u24C4\\uFF2F\\u00D2\\u00D3\\u00D4\\u1ED2\\u1ED0\\u1ED6\\u1ED4\\u00D5\\u1E4C\\u022C\\u1E4E\\u014C\\u1E50\\u1E52\\u014E\\u022E\\u0230\\u00D6\\u022A\\u1ECE\\u0150\\u01D1\\u020C\\u020E\\u01A0\\u1EDC\\u1EDA\\u1EE0\\u1EDE\\u1EE2\\u1ECC\\u1ED8\\u01EA\\u01EC\\u00D8\\u01FE\\u0186\\u019F\\uA74A\\uA74C]","OI":"[\\u01A2]","OO":"[\\uA74E]","OU":"[\\u0222]","P":"[\\u0050\\u24C5\\uFF30\\u1E54\\u1E56\\u01A4\\u2C63\\uA750\\uA752\\uA754]","Q":"[\\u0051\\u24C6\\uFF31\\uA756\\uA758\\u024A]","R":"[\\u0052\\u24C7\\uFF32\\u0154\\u1E58\\u0158\\u0210\\u0212\\u1E5A\\u1E5C\\u0156\\u1E5E\\u024C\\u2C64\\uA75A\\uA7A6\\uA782]","S":"[\\u0053\\u24C8\\uFF33\\u1E9E\\u015A\\u1E64\\u015C\\u1E60\\u0160\\u1E66\\u1E62\\u1E68\\u0218\\u015E\\u2C7E\\uA7A8\\uA784]","T":"[\\u0054\\u24C9\\uFF34\\u1E6A\\u0164\\u1E6C\\u021A\\u0162\\u1E70\\u1E6E\\u0166\\u01AC\\u01AE\\u023E\\uA786]","TZ":"[\\uA728]","U":"[\\u0055\\u24CA\\uFF35\\u00D9\\u00DA\\u00DB\\u0168\\u1E78\\u016A\\u1E7A\\u016C\\u00DC\\u01DB\\u01D7\\u01D5\\u01D9\\u1EE6\\u016E\\u0170\\u01D3\\u0214\\u0216\\u01AF\\u1EEA\\u1EE8\\u1EEE\\u1EEC\\u1EF0\\u1EE4\\u1E72\\u0172\\u1E76\\u1E74\\u0244]","V":"[\\u0056\\u24CB\\uFF36\\u1E7C\\u1E7E\\u01B2\\uA75E\\u0245]","VY":"[\\uA760]","W":"[\\u0057\\u24CC\\uFF37\\u1E80\\u1E82\\u0174\\u1E86\\u1E84\\u1E88\\u2C72]","X":"[\\u0058\\u24CD\\uFF38\\u1E8A\\u1E8C]","Y":"[\\u0059\\u24CE\\uFF39\\u1EF2\\u00DD\\u0176\\u1EF8\\u0232\\u1E8E\\u0178\\u1EF6\\u1EF4\\u01B3\\u024E\\u1EFE]","Z":"[\\u005A\\u24CF\\uFF3A\\u0179\\u1E90\\u017B\\u017D\\u1E92\\u1E94\\u01B5\\u0224\\u2C7F\\u2C6B\\uA762]","a":"[\\u0061\\u24D0\\uFF41\\u1E9A\\u00E0\\u00E1\\u00E2\\u1EA7\\u1EA5\\u1EAB\\u1EA9\\u00E3\\u0101\\u0103\\u1EB1\\u1EAF\\u1EB5\\u1EB3\\u0227\\u01E1\\u00E4\\u01DF\\u1EA3\\u00E5\\u01FB\\u01CE\\u0201\\u0203\\u1EA1\\u1EAD\\u1EB7\\u1E01\\u0105\\u2C65\\u0250]","aa":"[\\uA733]","ae":"[\\u00E6\\u01FD\\u01E3]","ao":"[\\uA735]","au":"[\\uA737]","av":"[\\uA739\\uA73B]","ay":"[\\uA73D]","b":"[\\u0062\\u24D1\\uFF42\\u1E03\\u1E05\\u1E07\\u0180\\u0183\\u0253]","c":"[\\u0063\\u24D2\\uFF43\\u0107\\u0109\\u010B\\u010D\\u00E7\\u1E09\\u0188\\u023C\\uA73F\\u2184]","d":"[\\u0064\\u24D3\\uFF44\\u1E0B\\u010F\\u1E0D\\u1E11\\u1E13\\u1E0F\\u0111\\u018C\\u0256\\u0257\\uA77A]","dz":"[\\u01F3\\u01C6]","e":"[\\u0065\\u24D4\\uFF45\\u00E8\\u00E9\\u00EA\\u1EC1\\u1EBF\\u1EC5\\u1EC3\\u1EBD\\u0113\\u1E15\\u1E17\\u0115\\u0117\\u00EB\\u1EBB\\u011B\\u0205\\u0207\\u1EB9\\u1EC7\\u0229\\u1E1D\\u0119\\u1E19\\u1E1B\\u0247\\u025B\\u01DD]","f":"[\\u0066\\u24D5\\uFF46\\u1E1F\\u0192\\uA77C]","g":"[\\u0067\\u24D6\\uFF47\\u01F5\\u011D\\u1E21\\u011F\\u0121\\u01E7\\u0123\\u01E5\\u0260\\uA7A1\\u1D79\\uA77F]","h":"[\\u0068\\u24D7\\uFF48\\u0125\\u1E23\\u1E27\\u021F\\u1E25\\u1E29\\u1E2B\\u1E96\\u0127\\u2C68\\u2C76\\u0265]","hv":"[\\u0195]","i":"[\\u0069\\u24D8\\uFF49\\u00EC\\u00ED\\u00EE\\u0129\\u012B\\u012D\\u00EF\\u1E2F\\u1EC9\\u01D0\\u0209\\u020B\\u1ECB\\u012F\\u1E2D\\u0268\\u0131]","j":"[\\u006A\\u24D9\\uFF4A\\u0135\\u01F0\\u0249]","k":"[\\u006B\\u24DA\\uFF4B\\u1E31\\u01E9\\u1E33\\u0137\\u1E35\\u0199\\u2C6A\\uA741\\uA743\\uA745\\uA7A3]","l":"[\\u006C\\u24DB\\uFF4C\\u0140\\u013A\\u013E\\u1E37\\u1E39\\u013C\\u1E3D\\u1E3B\\u017F\\u0142\\u019A\\u026B\\u2C61\\uA749\\uA781\\uA747]","lj":"[\\u01C9]","m":"[\\u006D\\u24DC\\uFF4D\\u1E3F\\u1E41\\u1E43\\u0271\\u026F]","n":"[\\u006E\\u24DD\\uFF4E\\u01F9\\u0144\\u00F1\\u1E45\\u0148\\u1E47\\u0146\\u1E4B\\u1E49\\u019E\\u0272\\u0149\\uA791\\uA7A5]","nj":"[\\u01CC]","o":"[\\u006F\\u24DE\\uFF4F\\u00F2\\u00F3\\u00F4\\u1ED3\\u1ED1\\u1ED7\\u1ED5\\u00F5\\u1E4D\\u022D\\u1E4F\\u014D\\u1E51\\u1E53\\u014F\\u022F\\u0231\\u00F6\\u022B\\u1ECF\\u0151\\u01D2\\u020D\\u020F\\u01A1\\u1EDD\\u1EDB\\u1EE1\\u1EDF\\u1EE3\\u1ECD\\u1ED9\\u01EB\\u01ED\\u00F8\\u01FF\\u0254\\uA74B\\uA74D\\u0275]","oi":"[\\u01A3]","ou":"[\\u0223]","oo":"[\\uA74F]","p":"[\\u0070\\u24DF\\uFF50\\u1E55\\u1E57\\u01A5\\u1D7D\\uA751\\uA753\\uA755]","q":"[\\u0071\\u24E0\\uFF51\\u024B\\uA757\\uA759]","r":"[\\u0072\\u24E1\\uFF52\\u0155\\u1E59\\u0159\\u0211\\u0213\\u1E5B\\u1E5D\\u0157\\u1E5F\\u024D\\u027D\\uA75B\\uA7A7\\uA783]","s":"[\\u0073\\u24E2\\uFF53\\u015B\\u1E65\\u015D\\u1E61\\u0161\\u1E67\\u1E63\\u1E69\\u0219\\u015F\\u023F\\uA7A9\\uA785\\u1E9B]","ss":"[\\u00DF]","t":"[\\u0074\\u24E3\\uFF54\\u1E6B\\u1E97\\u0165\\u1E6D\\u021B\\u0163\\u1E71\\u1E6F\\u0167\\u01AD\\u0288\\u2C66\\uA787]","tz":"[\\uA729]","u":"[\\u0075\\u24E4\\uFF55\\u00F9\\u00FA\\u00FB\\u0169\\u1E79\\u016B\\u1E7B\\u016D\\u00FC\\u01DC\\u01D8\\u01D6\\u01DA\\u1EE7\\u016F\\u0171\\u01D4\\u0215\\u0217\\u01B0\\u1EEB\\u1EE9\\u1EEF\\u1EED\\u1EF1\\u1EE5\\u1E73\\u0173\\u1E77\\u1E75\\u0289]","v":"[\\u0076\\u24E5\\uFF56\\u1E7D\\u1E7F\\u028B\\uA75F\\u028C]","vy":"[\\uA761]","w":"[\\u0077\\u24E6\\uFF57\\u1E81\\u1E83\\u0175\\u1E87\\u1E85\\u1E98\\u1E89\\u2C73]","x":"[\\u0078\\u24E7\\uFF58\\u1E8B\\u1E8D]","y":"[\\u0079\\u24E8\\uFF59\\u1EF3\\u00FD\\u0177\\u1EF9\\u0233\\u1E8F\\u00FF\\u1EF7\\u1E99\\u1EF5\\u01B4\\u024F\\u1EFF]","z":"[\\u007A\\u24E9\\uFF5A\\u017A\\u1E91\\u017C\\u017E\\u1E93\\u1E95\\u01B6\\u0225\\u0240\\u2C6C\\uA763]"},"researchesTests":["contentHasTOC","contentHasShortParagraphs","contentHasAssets","keywordInTitle","keywordInMetaDescription","keywordInPermalink","keywordIn10Percent","keywordInContent","keywordInSubheadings","keywordInImageAlt","keywordDensity","keywordNotUsed","lengthContent","lengthPermalink","linksHasInternal","linksHasExternals","linksNotAllExternals","titleStartWithKeyword","titleSentiment","titleHasPowerWords","titleHasNumber","hasContentAI"],"hasRedirection":true,"hasBreadcrumb":true},"homeUrl":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr","objectID":11473,"objectType":"post","locale":"fr","localeFull":"fr_FR","overlayImages":{"play":{"name":"Ic\u00f4ne de lecture","url":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-play.png","path":"\/home\/u765553103\/domains\/aedic.eu\/public_html\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-play.png","position":"middle_center"},"gif":{"name":"Ic\u00f4ne GIF","url":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-gif.png","path":"\/home\/u765553103\/domains\/aedic.eu\/public_html\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-gif.png","position":"middle_center"}},"defautOgImage":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/social-placeholder.jpg","customPermalinks":true,"isUserRegistered":true,"autoSuggestKeywords":true,"connectSiteUrl":"https:\/\/rankmath.com\/auth?site=https%3A%2F%2Faedic.eu%2Ffr&r=https%3A%2F%2Faedic.eu%2Ffr%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F11473%3Fnonce%3Ddb84df39e7&pro=1","maxTags":100,"trendsIcon":"<svg viewBox=\"0 0 610 610\"><path d=\"M18.85,446,174.32,290.48l58.08,58.08L76.93,504a14.54,14.54,0,0,1-20.55,0L18.83,466.48a14.54,14.54,0,0,1,0-20.55Z\" style=\"fill:#4285f4\"\/><path d=\"M242.65,242.66,377.59,377.6l-47.75,47.75a14.54,14.54,0,0,1-20.55,0L174.37,290.43l47.75-47.75A14.52,14.52,0,0,1,242.65,242.66Z\" style=\"fill:#ea4335\"\/><polygon points=\"319.53 319.53 479.26 159.8 537.34 217.88 377.61 377.62 319.53 319.53\" style=\"fill:#fabb05\"\/><path d=\"M594.26,262.73V118.61h0a16.94,16.94,0,0,0-16.94-16.94H433.2a16.94,16.94,0,0,0-12,28.92L565.34,274.71h0a16.94,16.94,0,0,0,28.92-12Z\" style=\"fill:#34a853\"\/><rect width=\"610\" height=\"610\" style=\"fill:none\"\/><\/svg>","showScore":true,"siteFavIcon":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/cropped-AEDIC-Consluting-Group-32x32.png","canUser":{"general":false,"advanced":false,"snippet":false,"social":false,"analysis":false,"analytics":false,"content_ai":false},"showKeywordIntent":true,"isPro":true,"is_front_page":false,"trendsUpgradeLink":"https:\/\/rankmath.com\/pricing\/?utm_source=Plugin&utm_medium=CE%20General%20Tab%20Trends&utm_campaign=WP","trendsUpgradeLabel":"Mettre \u00e0 niveau","trendsPreviewImage":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/trends-preview.jpg","currentEditor":false,"homepageData":{"assessor":{"powerWords":["absolument","amazement","astonishing","authentique","beau","bien-\u00eatre","brillant","captivant","charismatique","choc","clair","compl\u00e8tement","confidentiel","confiance","cons\u00e9quent","cr\u00e9atif","d\u00e9finitivement","d\u00e9licieux","d\u00e9montrer","d\u00e9p\u00eachez-vous","d\u00e9termin\u00e9","digne","dynamique","\u00e9blouissant","\u00e9clatant","\u00e9conomique","\u00e9fficace","\u00e9l\u00e9gant","\u00e9motionnel","\u00e9nergique","\u00e9norme","\u00e9poustouflant","essentiel","\u00e9tonnant","exclusif","exp\u00e9rience","fabuleux","fantastique","formidable","fort","garanti","g\u00e9ant","g\u00e9n\u00e9reux","grandiose","gratuit","habile","harmonieux","historique","hors pair","important","incroyable","indispensable","inoubliable","inspirant","innovant","intense","invention","irr\u00e9sistible","l\u00e9gendaire","lumineux","luxe","magique","magnifique","majestueux","marquant","merveilleux","miraculeux","motivant","n\u00e9cessaire","nouvelle","officiel","parfait","passionn\u00e9","persuasif","ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nal","plaisir","populaire","pouvoir","prestigieux","prodigieux","profond","prosp\u00e8re","puissant","qualit\u00e9","radieux","rapide","r\u00e9ussi","r\u00e9volutionnaire","satisfait","s\u00e9curit\u00e9","sensationnel","serein","somptueux","splendide","sublime","surprenant","talentueux","terrifiant","unique","valeur","vibrant","victorieux","vif","vraiment","z\u00e9l\u00e9"],"diacritics":true,"researchesTests":["contentHasTOC","contentHasShortParagraphs","contentHasAssets","keywordInTitle","keywordInMetaDescription","keywordInPermalink","keywordIn10Percent","keywordInContent","keywordInSubheadings","keywordInImageAlt","keywordDensity","keywordNotUsed","lengthContent","lengthPermalink","linksHasInternal","linksHasExternals","linksNotAllExternals","titleStartWithKeyword","titleSentiment","titleHasPowerWords","titleHasNumber","hasContentAI"],"hasBreadcrumb":true,"serpData":{"title":"%sitename% %page% %sep% %sitedesc%","description":"","titleTemplate":"%sitename% %page% %sep% %sitedesc%","descriptionTemplate":"","focusKeywords":"","breadcrumbTitle":"Home","robots":{"index":true},"advancedRobots":[],"facebookTitle":"","facebookDescription":"","facebookImage":"","facebookImageID":""}}},"searchIntents":[],"isAnalyticsConnected":true,"tocTitle":"Table of Contents","tocExcludeHeadings":[],"listStyle":"ul"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11473"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11473"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11473\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13907,"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11473\/revisions\/13907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aedic.eu\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11473"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}